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鈥淣onbinary and Transgender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census鈥�

(with Christopher S. Carpenter, Donn Feir, and Krishna Pendakur), American Economic Review: Insights 8:1, March 2026, 1-17.

This paper provides the first evidence from a large population census on earnings disparities experienced by nonbinary people鈥攊ndividuals who do not exclusively identify as men or women鈥攁nd transgender people鈥攊ndividuals whose gender differs from their sex assigned at birth鈥攔elative to cisgender people. Using restricted-access 2021 Canadian census data linked to tax records, the authors find that nonbinary individuals assigned male at birth, transgender men, transgender women, and cisgender women all earn significantly less than comparable cisgender men. Nonbinary individuals assigned female at birth experience an additional earnings penalty. Differences in job sorting explain some of these disparities.

This paper won the 2025 CSQIEP Award for Outstanding Research Paper in LGBTQ+ Economics ().